May 17, 2024  
Undergraduate/Graduate Catalog 2020-2021 
    
Undergraduate/Graduate Catalog 2020-2021 [ARCHIVED CATALOG] See drop-down menu above to access other catalogs.

Course Descriptions


Note: See Catalog Addenda  as that information supersedes the published version of this catalog.

The course descriptions include all courses that are taught for academic credit at the university. They are arranged in alpha-numerical sequence by course subject code.

See How to Read Course Descriptions  for additional information.

At present, the majority of the 500-600 level courses are offered in the evening hours. Students should be aware that not all courses are offered in the evening or every semester. Students who are only able to enroll in classes 4 pm or after should consult the appropriate department chairperson for information about the availability of evening sections of courses required in a specific major, concentration and/or minor. Students are urged to consult “Available Course Sections” through InfoBear each semester to determine when specific courses are offered.

 

 

 

Criminal Justice

  
  • CRJU 358 - Race, Class, Crime and Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines the effects of class and race on justice outcomes. Historical and contemporary practices of the system are evaluated for disparate or discriminatory patterns. Offered annually. (CMCL)

  
  • CRJU 359 - Cybercrime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202; or consent of instructor
    This course is designed to help students understand the nature of cybercrime in the criminal justice system. Students will be presented with common types of fraudulent schemes and cyber threats, as well as several laws that have been enacted and developed specifically for cybercrime. In addition, causes, victimization, legal issues, control strategies, ethical concerns and societal costs regarding the “cybercrime” problem will be explored. Offered fall and spring semesters.

  
  • CRJU 360 - Foundation of Digital Forensic Investigation

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202; or consent of instructor
    This course engages students in learning fundamental knowledge of cybercrime focused digital forensics. The course aims to cover various cybercrime investigative topics and digital forensic investigation practices using digital evidence samples within ethical and legal contexts. In the process of learning, students will explore various cybercrime investigation methods and be able to successfully analyze and document the digital evidence. Offered fall, spring and summer.

  
  • CRJU 369 - Gender, Crime and Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202; or consent of instructor
    This interdisciplinary course will explore how females experience crime, justice, and the criminal justice system differently than do males. Through a comparative historical lens, we will explore legal, philosophical, psychological, sociological and political perspectives on crime and justice. This course will use a gendered perspective in examining the roots of violence against women in our society, specifically addressing femicide, intimate partner violence, and sexual assault. We will then examine the difference between women and men as offenders, including theories of offending, agency and types of offenses committed. Particular emphasis will be given to incarceration alternatives, including restorative justice programs. (CMCL; CSOC; CWRT)

  
  • CRJU 370 - Masculinity and Violence

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 202
    The relationship between masculinity and violence is examined in this course. It explores the influence of social contexts and roles on behavioral expectations for men and boys and analyzes the implications for society and individual men. We will investigate the reasons that hyper-masculinity, or toxic masculinity, is often associated with violence. Masculinity is defined by strength (emotional and physical), willingness to take risks, bravery, and control, producing psychological trauma through the promotion of aggression. We will examine how norms about masculinity can disadvantage individual men and regulate the behavior of all men. We will also examine how masculinities intersect with other structural locations including class, race, and sexuality. Offered fall and spring semester.

  
  • CRJU 371 - Sex Crimes

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course explores the historical evolution of sex crimes. Topics include the age of consent, prostitution, anti-sodomy laws, stranger rape, date rape and sex-offender registration. The course will also examine the impact of sexual assault on victims and offenders, as well as the criminal justice system’s response and the role of policymakers and advocacy groups in the formulation and enforcement of sex crime laws.

  
  • CRJU 372 - Terrorism and Civil Liberties

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    The focus of this course is the ongoing conflict between preventing terrorism and compromising constitutional freedoms. This course will examine the enhanced powers of police agencies and federal prosecutors. Students will survey the effects of these new powers, particularly with regard to changes in due process standards and evidentiary requirements. Students will also be provided with historical examples of previous national security efforts to protect the public.

  
  • CRJU 381 - Privatization in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course will examine the many controversies around the reemergence of private prisons as well as the explosive growth of private police in the United States. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 385 - Victimology

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course involves the study of victimization by drawing on scientific and other literature that analyzes these experiences, impacts and consequences on crime victims, justice system policies and practices, and the law.

  
  • CRJU 388 - Hate Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    Crime that is committed as a result of bigotry is commonly referred to as hate crime. This course examines the political and social significance of these crime events. In addition, this course reviews theories of prejudice, the role of youth subcultures in the development of the neo-Nazi skinhead movement, typologies of hate groups, motives, hate crime victimology, recruitment strategies of hate groups, hate speech and correctional responses.

  
  • CRJU 399 - Special Topics in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dependent on topic
    Various special topics of current interest in criminal justice will be offered from time to time. Topics will be announced before registration. May be taken more than once but only three credits will be counted toward the first 30 hours in the criminal justice major.

  
  • CRJU 404 - Media, Justice and Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and an additional three-credit criminal justice course
    This course is a survey of how various media institutions (newspapers, magazines, talk radio, network television, cable, film and Internet-based products) and formats (news, entertainment and infotainment) shape the representation and public perception of dangerousness, criminality, police activity and ultimately, the direction of contemporary social policy. Offered alternate spring semesters.

  
  • CRJU 406 - Ethics and the Criminal Justice System

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines a wide range of ethical and moral issues in the field of criminal justice. Topics covered include the use of harm to prevent harm, the use of discretionary decision-making, prediction problems and moral dilemmas that confront various justice agents, e.g., police, prosecutors, defense attorneys and correctional officers. Teleological and deontological ethical systems are examined and used to measure the moral worth of practitioner actions in the criminal justice system. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 410 - Applied Theory and Crime Policy

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 320 and CRJU 330 and CRJU 331 and CRJU 341 and CRJU 354 and CRJU 406
    This course utilizes an applied approach in examining theories of crime causation in light of criminal justice aims. The criminal justice system responds to crime and criminals based on explicit and implicit theories of causation. Building on the analysis and skills acquired from our research methods and data analysis courses, students will examine the validity of crime theories and correlated interventions. Additional attention will be paid to the associate policy implications. (CWRM)

  
  • CRJU 415 - Police Culture

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course will introduce students to the study of the organizational culture of law enforcement. Specifically, students will encounter a rich, diverse and burgeoning literature on police culture, as they read a number of first-person accounts drawn from ethnographic fieldwork. They will explore vexing and contentious issues such as the misuse of force, official corruption and the militarization of policing in the 21st  century.

  
  • CRJU 425 - Comparative Crime and Deviance

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 341 and CRJU 410
    This course examines crime, law and deviance in comparative perspective. Among the topics covered will be the logic of comparative research problems of cross-national data, violent crime, economic and political crime, transnational corporate crime, underdevelopment and crime, social control and conflict resolution, and criminal justice and penal policies. The course also focuses on crime in relation to age, gender, race and class. The comparative materials are used to reflect on problems of crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. Offered alternate spring semesters.

  
  • CRJU 427 - Alternative Crime Analysis

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 410, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 320; or consent of instructor
    This course introduces students to structured real-time observations of the world of crime and criminal interdiction. Students will learn about the theories, practices and potential pitfalls of field research, from design to application and interpretation. Students will be introduced to the six most commonly employed approaches in qualitative research: narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case studies and content analysis. As a final project, students will choose one approach and will design a mock study intended to enhance potential future study of crime and the criminal justice system.

  
  • CRJU 428 - Culture and Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines the impact of what occurs before crimes are ever committed. Students will begin with an exposure to the definitions of culture, its impact on society, and the way(s) in which subcultures shape worldviews and notions of right and wrong. The course will introduce concepts such as resistance, transgression, and seduction as both predictors and explanations of crime within the overarching context of the power relationships experienced by the various cultures co-existing within our society. (CMCL; CSOC)

  
  • CRJU 441 - Homicide

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 341 or consent of instructor
    This course explores key theoretical paradigms, as well as current research related to homicide. Situating homicide in the U.S. within global patterns and historical trends, this class investigates the following phenomena: types of homicide, which include femicide (murder of women), intimate partner homicide, serial murder, hate murder, rampage killings, gang murder and terrorism. The course also addresses the characteristics of homicide victims and offenders, along with identifying factors that contribute to variance in homicide levels and specific types of homicide. Finally, beginning with legal definitions of homicide, the course surveys how the criminal justice system responds to homicide.

  
  • CRJU 485 - Honors Thesis in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Open to Commonwealth and Departmental Honors students; and senior status; and CRJU 320; formal application required
    The Honors Thesis can only be taken as a two-semester thesis. Students must enroll in CRJU 485 in a second consecutive semester after having successfully completed the first semester of CRJU 485. The Departmental Honors Committee will determine if the final version of the thesis qualifies the student to graduate with honors. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits.

  
  • CRJU 496 - Seminar: Critical Issues in Crime and Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Senior standing and CRJU 320 and CRJU 330 and CRJU 331 and CRJU 341 and CRJU 354 and CRJU 406; and CRJU 410, which may be taken concurrently
    This course is designed to provide criminal justice majors with a capstone experience, which emphasizes integration of knowledge and skills acquired throughout the criminal justice curriculum. Using an interdisciplinary lens, students analyze critical issues of diversity, inequality and power related to crime and justice. The seminar will require students to demonstrate: 1) comprehensive knowledge of the field of criminal justice; 2) critical thinking skills; 3) effectiveness in oral and written communication; 4) awareness of ethical issues; and 5) knowledge of data sources and the ability to apply criminal justice related information and research.

  
  • CRJU 497 - Research

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Senior standing and CRJU 320 and CRJU 330 and CRJU 331 and CRJU 341 and CRJU 354 and CRJU 406; and CRJU 410, which may be taken concurrently; and consent of department; formal application required
    Students will conduct social research using techniques taught in CRJU 320, writing reports of findings as for publication. Experimental survey and content analysis approaches will be used. This course is primarily for criminal justice majors; others by special arrangement.

  
  • CRJU 498 - Internship in Criminal Justice

    (3-15 credits)
    Prerequisite: Senior standing and a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.5; and CRJU 320 (previously CRJU 420); and CRJU 330 (previously CRJU 430); and CRJU 331; and CRJU 341; and CRJU 354; and CRJU 406; and CRJU 410, which may be taken concurrently; and consent of the department; formal application required
    The internship provides an opportunity for senior criminal justice majors to gain practical expertise in the field by participating in an off-campus work study experience that complements their academic preparation. In addition to working in their internship setting, students will meet regularly with a faculty supervisor. Students may work in an appropriate local, state or federal agency or private organization. Only three credits of internship may count toward the major in criminal justice. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of 15 credits. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 499 - Directed Study in Criminal Justice

    (1-3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of the department; formal application required
    Directed study is open to juniors and seniors who have demonstrated critical and analytical abilities in their studies and who wish to pursue a project independently. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 500 - Foundations of Scholarship

    (3 credits)
    This course is designed for students to better develop the skills needed for scholarly graduate-level research and writing, including critical thinking, analysis and writing. There will be an emphasis on research-based writing, e.g., identifying a researchable problem, conducting a literature review, and planning and drafting papers. This course will also address appropriate documentation and citation methodologies as well as the utilization of library resources, print and electronic data sources, legal research and computer use.

  
  • CRJU 502 - Thesis

    (3 or 6 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of department; formal application required; and CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    Original research is undertaken by the graduate student in their field. For further information, please see the Graduate Academic Policies and Procedures  ”Thesis” section of the catalog. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits.

  
  • CRJU 503 - Directed Study

    (1-3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of department; formal application required and CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    Directed study is designed for the graduate student who desires to study selected topics in a specific field. For details, consult the paragraph titled “Directed or Independent Study” in the “College of Graduate Studies” section of this catalog. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits.

  
  • CRJU 504 - Seminar: Crime, Justice and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This seminar introduces students to a critical analysis of crime and justice in American society. It provides an overview of central issues in criminal justice, including 1) media influences, 2) political processes, 3) criminal justice and juvenile justice processes, 4) law enforcement, 5) judicial processes and the courts, and 6) corrections.

  
  • CRJU 505 - Applications of Crime Theory

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course utilizes an applied approach in examining fundamental and advanced theories of crime and criminals based on explicit and implicit theories of causation. Recognizing this process, this course focuses on theories and their manifestations of crime and justice programs. Students will learn theory and theory validity by evaluating empirical evidence of program effects.

  
  • CRJU 510 - Research Methods in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500
    This course provides an overview of the research process and research design in relation to crime and criminal justice. Topics covered include the scientific method, operationalizing variables and indicators, ethics and policy in research and various methods of collecting data. Students will design and carry out a research project.

  
  • CRJU 511 - Analyzing Criminal Justice Data

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 510
    This course focuses on statistical data analysis in relation to research in crime and criminal justice. Topics covered include the most important data analysis techniques in social and criminal justice research the assumptions underlying various statistical techniques, and how to interpret quantitative data analysis. Students will learn to carry out their own data analysis.

  
  • CRJU 512 - Ethics and Policy in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505
    This course provides an overview and analysis of major ethical and policy issues related to crime and criminal justice. Students will examine various ethical issues including those related to policing, the death penalty and criminal courts and law. The course will also cover criminal justice policy.

  
  • CRJU 515 - Criminal Justice Administration

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course draws on research in complex organizations to analyze the structure, functions and operations of criminal justice agencies, including the police, courts and corrections. Students will gain an understanding of administration in criminal justice organizations.

  
  • CRJU 517 - Studies in Crime Prevention: Understanding What Works

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505; or consent of instructor
    This course conducts a comprehensive examination of crime prevention programs in the United States. In addition to the analysis of program features (e.g., assumptions, concepts, process, outcomes, evaluation), students will also review the social and political climates surrounding crime prevention programs. Because these initiatives are wide-ranging and often occur outside of the criminal justice system, students will learn about crime prevention programs based in the following venues: the family, the school, the community, and in job training and placement programs.

  
  • CRJU 518 - Hate Crimes and Hate Groups

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505; or consent of instructor
    This course examines the etiology of hate crime, its characteristics and the social ecology that nurtures its existence and persistence. In addition to focusing on the crime itself, the course analyzes hate groups, the dynamics of the hate movement as well as the processes of recruitment, affiliation and disaffiliation.

  
  • CRJU 521 - Domestic Violence

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of the causes of domestic violence and the criminal justice system’s response to domestic violence. Topics covered include psychological, sociological and feminist theories of domestic violence; the nature of domestic violence in a patriarchal society; resources available for victims of domestic violence; and the efficacy of various approaches to reducing domestic violence.

  
  • CRJU 522 - Women and Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of women and the criminal justice system. Topics covered include women as offenders, victims, and criminal justice professionals; theories of women and crime; and the treatment of female offenders by criminal justice agencies.

  
  • CRJU 530 - Introduction to Police Culture: An Intensive Review

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505
    This course introduces students to the in-depth study of the organizational culture of law enforcement. Specifically, students will delve into a rich, diverse and burgeoning literature on police culture, as they read a number of first-person accounts and weigh relevant theoretical constructs drawn from ethnographic fieldwork. They will explore contentious issues, such as the misuse of force, official corruption and the militarization of policing in 21st century America, with an emphasis on the intensive use of scholarly research and monographs.

  
  • CRJU 531 - Principles of Restorative Justice (Concepts, Theory and Philosophy)

    (3 credits)
    This course focuses on the growing movement of restorative justice that addresses harm and crime in society by exploring the needs and roles of victims, offenders and the community. The aim of restorative justice is to create a safe community, healing for victims and opportunities for accountability, transformation and restoration of offenders. This course will investigate the concepts, historical roots, theoretical origins, fundamental principles, philosophies and practices of restorative justice. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 532 - Restorative Justice Programs and Models

    (3 credits)
    In this course, we will explore restorative justice models used in criminal/legal, community and social service contexts.  Drawing on the latest research, we will explore and critique three core models – circles, conferencing and victim-offender dialogues. Other models and restorative practices will be examined, including prison programs, reentry programs and truth and reconciliation commissions. Inherent in these models we will discuss how the needs and roles of victims, offenders and communities are considered. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 533 - Transformative Justice in the Community

    (3 credits)
    Transformative justice is a political framework and approach for responding to violence, harm and abuse. It seeks to solve the challenge of violence at the grassroots level, without relying on the state (e.g., police, prisons, the criminal/legal system) through examination of how social structures and circumstances contribute to harmful behaviors. This course will apply the principles and practices of restorative justice to transformative community-based approaches in preventing crime and repairing its damage. Issues of race, gender, economic class and international programming will be explored. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 534 - Peacemaking Criminology

    (3 credits)
    Peacemaking criminology is a non-violent movement against oppression, social injustice and violence as found within criminology, criminal justice and society in general. It considers crime as a product of a social, economic and political structure that disadvantages certain groups of people. This course will explore the indigenous foundation of peacemaking circles, the role of prisons in society and the transformation of institutions and individuals. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 540 - Corrections, Crime and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of the relations between crime and corrections. Topics covered include the theories of punishment, the development of corrections, theories of corrections and rehabilitation, and current issues in American corrections.

  
  • CRJU 541 - Community-Based Corrections

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500
    This course focuses on recent developments in community-based corrections. Topics covered include the history of alternatives to prisons, the relationships between community-based corrections and rehabilitation, and the political feasibility of community-based corrections. The course also examines other intermediate sanctions, such as alternative sentencing and diversion programs.

  
  • CRJU 542 - Research Seminar in Corrections

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 510 and CRJU 511
    In this seminar, students will choose a research topic related to corrections, plan and carry out their research. During weekly class meetings, the class members will discuss their projects and present their results.

  
  • CRJU 546 - Class, Race, Gender and Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course examines how class, race and gender intersect with crime and the criminal justice system. The course provides an overview of class, race, ethnic and gender stratification in the United States and looks at how that stratification is reflected in judgments about crime and in treatments of various groups in the criminal justice system.

  
  • CRJU 547 - Restorative and Transformative Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; or consent of instructor
    This course focuses on the growing movements of restorative justice and transformative justice that address harm and crime in society. Although these practices go back thousands of years in many indigenous communities, they have recently reemerged as alternatives to the traditional criminal justice system that is based on retributive justice. Their aim is to create a just peace and public order within a community, healing for victims, and opportunities for accountability, transformation and restoration to offenders. This seminar will investigate the historical roots, theoretical origins, fundamental principles, philosophies and practices of restorative and transformative justice. It will explore the needs and roles of victims, offenders and communities as well as models and programs such as conferencing, circles, victim-offender reconciliation, truth and reconciliation commissions, and prison reentry programs. This course will also examine current research to identify controversial issues and challenges to restorative and transformative justice and explore future directions and possibilities. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 550 - Juvenile Justice and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of juvenile delinquency and the juvenile justice system. It covers various theories of juvenile delinquency and examines their relations to broader sociological and criminological theories. Other topics include the development of the juvenile justice system, the police handling of juveniles, the role of juvenile courts, and juvenile corrections and rehabilitation.

  
  • CRJU 551 - Law and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of the sociology of law. Topics covered include the sources and development of law, different philosophical and sociological approaches to law, the roles of criminal justice agencies, alternate dispute resolution, the relations of between law and social change, and the impact of race, class and gender in the legal system. The course will also examine attempts to develop a general theory of law and society.

  
  • CRJU 555 - Cybercriminology

    (3 credits)
    Cybercriminology is an important field and its centrality is only destined to grow in the coming years. This course provides an overview of cybercrime. Students will obtain an in-depth understanding of cybercrime and the way in which traditional criminological theories can be reimagined to explain 21st century crime. This course utilizes case studies regarding cybersecurity issues at the state and federal levels. The course takes on current and proposed cybercrime legal policy and enforcement procedures for combating the cybercrime epidemic. The course explores causation, victimization, ethics and societal consequences of cybercrime. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 561 - Seminar in White Collar Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500 and CRJU 505
    This course provides an in-depth and thematic look at the various types of crimes facilitated by virtue of one’s occupation: i.e., one’s corporate, governmental, or bureaucratic affiliation. The influence of institutional factors as well as regulatory controls will be evaluated against the performance of the criminal justice system in preventing and sanctioning non-traditional crimes committed by non-traditional actors.

  
  • CRJU 565 - Study Tour in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Approved application through the Study Abroad Office
    This short-term travel study course offers students first-hand exposure and interaction with diverse culture, policies and practices of criminal justice. Each faculty-led course includes pre-departure orientation sessions, lessons and activities at an international destination, and post-travel summative assessments such as a research paper or reflective writing assignment. Instruction will be in English. Course destinations and topics will vary. Contact the Department of Criminal Justice or the Study Abroad Office for current study course details. Repeatable for different itineraries. Additional fees required.

  
  • CRJU 570 - Violent Victimization

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; or consent of instructor
    This course involves the study of violent victimization with an emphasis on the United States. Using various datasets the course explores the causes, patterns, research and policies associated with homicide, youth violence, domestic and sexual assault and child abuse. Course content will also include an analysis of offenders and efforts to reduce their violent recidivism. Services, programs and policies for survivors of violence will also be covered. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 571 - Sexual Assault, Offenders and Policy

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course explores the historical evolution of sex crimes. Topics include the age of consent, prostitution, anti-sodomy laws, stranger rape, “sexting,” date rape and sex-offender registration. The course will also examine the impact of sexual assault on victims and offenders, as well as the criminal justice system’s response and the role of policymakers and advocacy groups in the formulation and enforcement of sex crime laws. Graduate students will be expected to demonstrate understanding of a specialized area of sexual violence (e.g., rape in the military, offender treatment, etc.).

  
  • CRJU 597 - Research Seminar in Criminal Justice

    (4 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500 and CRJU 505 and CRJU 510 and CRJU 511
    In this course students will choose a research topic, plan and carry out research using a methodology predetermined by the faculty instructor. During weekly class meetings, students will gain the necessary skills to carry out this research, discuss projects and present their results. Students may be able to meet the requirements of the culminating project in this course. Semesters may alternate between program evaluation, quantitative project or qualitative project at the instructor discretion. Repeatable for different topics: may earn a maximum of eight credits. Offered fall and spring semesters.

  
  • CRJU 598 - Internship in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Internships provide students with experience in a criminal justice setting and give them the opportunity to apply what they have learned in their classes.

  
  • CRJU 599 - Special Topics in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course will focus on specific topics in criminal justice. The topics will differ from semester to semester. Repeatable for different topics.

  
  • CYGR 500 - Introduction to Cybersecurity

    (3 credits)
    In this course, graduate students combine practice and theory by conducting risk and vulnerability assessments of computer networks within the Bridgewater State University Virtual Security Lab. Students will gain mastery of cybersecurity fundamentals, including: security incident response techniques, vulnerability assessment tools, procedural best practices and secure network design principles. Cybersecurity foundational concepts, terminology, approaches and incident response practices will be covered. Offered fall and spring semesters.

  
  • CYGR 510 - Application and Digital Security Strategy

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CYGR 500 and CRJU 555; or consent of instructor
    This course examines security threats to applications and digital devices. Cybercrime investigation imparts current, hands-on techniques to inspect evidence held within applications, computers, cell phones and other digital devices. Throughout the course, students work with sample digital evidence, utilize the Bridgewater State University Virtual Lab to inspect the devices, extract digital data and assemble formal reports based on their findings. Students will discuss proper procedures for finding, recording and logging digital devices found at a crime scene. Throughout the course we employ a case study method, using landmark cases in cybercrime investigation. The ethics of cybercrime investigation will be thoroughly explored. Students will gain familiarity with the digital investigation processes being used within Massachusetts’s police stations, as well as federal policies guiding the work. Offered fall and spring semesters.

  
  • CYGR 520 - Forensic Investigation and Windows Systems

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CYGR 500 and CRJU 555; or consent of instructor
    Law enforcement, educators, legislators and businesses alike have become increasingly concerned with the high levels of victimization in the cyber domain. The cybercriminals may conceal themselves in the cyberspace, disguising their identity using proxies or unsuspecting neutral parties. Cyber offenders may be located anywhere in the world and concurrently victimize numerous individuals, government institutions and private corporations with highly leveraged efficiency leaving behind few leads and unconventional traces or evidence that police are not accustomed to recognizing or processing. This course will explore these issues and focus on specialized digital forensic investigative techniques to combat cybercrime. Students will also learn how to acquire, explore, recover and analyze the forensic evidence on the Microsoft Windows Operating System. Offered fall and spring semesters.

  
  • CYGR 530 - Mobile Forensic Investigation

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CYGR 500 and CRJU 555; or consent of instructor
    Digital forms of harassment such as cyberbullying, cyberstalking and sextortion have become serious criminal offenses and public health issues that have been linked to a variety of mental and physical health problems. This course offers an overview of digital investigation focusing on the interpersonal cybercrimes and explores mobile device forensics on two of the most common platforms today – iOS and Android. Students have the opportunity to capture forensic data from both platforms using a multiple-tool approach to acquire and process data. Topics will include characteristics of interpersonal cybercrimes, mobile device procedures, file systems, data storage techniques, basic evidence acquisition and analysis from the application to the storage area on the device. The course incorporates laboratory and hands-on exercises. Offered fall and spring semesters.


Cyber Security

  
  • CYBR 199 - First Year Seminar

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Open to all freshmen and sophomores with a writing placement score of 3 or above or a SAT score of 500 or above or who have completed ENGL 101. Students with 24 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived.
    First Year Seminars (FYS) are writing-intensive topic courses that introduce students to academic thought, discourse and practices. FYS courses prepare and orient students toward productive and fulfilling college careers by actively engaging them in a specific academic area of interest. Students will improve their writing, reading, research and basic information literacy and technology skills while learning to work both collaboratively and independently. These courses fulfill the First Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one FYS course may be taken for credit. (CFYS; CWRT)

  
  • CYBR 298 - Second Year Seminar (Speaking Intensive)

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: _ _ _ _ 199; Open to all sophomores and juniors who have completed ENGL 101, and the speaking skills requirement. Students with 54 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived. Cannot be taken if _ _ _ _ 298 or _ _ _ _ 299 are taken for credit.
    Second Year Seminars (SYS) are speaking-intensive topic courses that build on the academic skills and habits introduced in the First Year Seminar. SYS courses engage students in a specific academic area of interest and provide them with the opportunity to reinforce, share and interpret knowledge. Students will improve their speaking, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while building the connections between scholarship and action that are required for lifelong learning. These courses will fulfill the Second Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one SYS course may be taken for credit. (CSYS; CSPI)

  
  • CYBR 299 - Second Year Seminar (Writing Intensive)

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: _ _ _ _ 199; Open to all sophomores and juniors who have completed ENGL 101 and ENGL 102. Students with 54 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived. Cannot be taken if _ _ _ _ 298 or _ _ _ _ 299 are taken for credit.
    Second Year Seminars (SYS) are writing-intensive topic courses that build on the academic skills and habits introduced in the First Year Seminar. SYS courses engage students in a specific academic area of interest and provide them with the opportunity to reinforce, share and interpret knowledge. Students will improve their writing, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while building the connections between scholarship and action that are required for lifelong learning. These courses will fulfill the Second Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one SYS course may be taken for credit. (CSYS; CWRT)

  
  • CYBR 310 - Foundations of Computer Forensic Investigations

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: COMP 151 with a minimum grade of “C-“
    This course provides an overview of both investigative knowledge and technical skills for computer forensic investigations. Students will learn practical guidelines and techniques of conducting computer forensic investigations. Main topics include file systems, computer hardware, computer evidence collection, fundamentals of windows forensics, fundamentals of Mac forensics and documenting investigation.

  
  • CYBR 311 - Foundations of Mobile Forensic Investigations

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: COMP 151 with a minimum grade of “C-“
    This course introduces students to the fundamental procedures and techniques of the forensics investigation on mobile devices. Both iOS and Android platforms will be covered. Topics include mobile forensics procedures, mobile device basics, evidence preparation, protection and collection, forensic analysis and data presentation.

  
  • CYBR 499 - Directed Study in Cybersecurity

    (1-3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of the department; formal application required
    This course is open to juniors and seniors who have demonstrated critical and analytical abilities in their studies and who wish to pursue a project independently.


Dance

  
  • DANC 140 - Dance Technical Practicum

    (1 credit)
    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor
    This practicum is designed to give students hands-on experience in all areas of dance production. Students will divide their 60 hour practicum among backstage technical requirements, dance production management and costume production. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of two credits. Offered annually.

  
  • DANC 146 - Dance Appreciation

    (3 credits)
    This course is designed to explore the basic components of dance and to enable students to appreciate the art of dance as an informed audience and as participants in its rich variety. (Formerly PHED/THEA 146) (CFPA)

  
  • DANC 147 - Theory and Practice of Ballet Fundamentals

    (2 credits)
    This course gives students with little or no dance training the opportunity to obtain the essential fundamental concepts and skills of ballet technique. Emphasis is on correct placement, line and execution. In addition, through out-of-class research, students will obtain general background about ballet which, combined with intensive class work, is intended to create technically proficient and artistically enriched dancers. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of eight credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. (Formerly DANP/PHED 147)

  
  • DANC 155 - Dance Practicum

    (1 credit)
    In this class students will choreograph and rehearse dances for a concert performance. Concurrent enrollment in a dance class is strongly advised. Repeatable. Graded on a (P) Pass/(N) No Pass basis. Open by audition. (Formerly PHED/THEA 155)

  
  • DANC 199 - First Year Seminar

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Open to all freshmen and sophomores with a writing placement score of 3 or above or a SAT score of 500 or above or who have completed ENGL 101. Students with 24 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived.
    First Year Seminars (FYS) are writing intensive, topic courses that introduce students to academic thought, discourse and practices. FYS courses prepare and orient students toward productive and fulfilling college careers by actively engaging them in a specific academic area of interest. Students will improve their writing, reading, research and basic information literacy and technology skills while learning to work both collaboratively and independently. These courses fulfill the First Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one FYS course may be taken for credit. (CFPA; CFYS; CWRT)

  
  • DANC 237 - Theory and Practice of Jazz Dance, Fall

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of jazz dance. It will also provide a historical overview of jazz dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of jazz dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of four credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered fall semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 237)

  
  • DANC 242 - Theory and Practice of Ballet, Fall

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Ballet experience. Students may self-select.
    This course gives students with an elementary level of training the opportunity to establish, develop and refine classical ballet technique. Emphasis is on correct placement, line and execution. In addition, through out-of-class research students will obtain general background about ballet, which combined with intensive class work, is intended to create dancers technically proficient and artistically enriched. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered fall semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 242)

  
  • DANC 245 - Theory and Practice of Ballet, Spring

    (2 credits)
    This course gives students with an intermediate-level of training the opportunity to establish, develop and refine classical ballet technique. Emphasis is on correct placement, line and execution. An analytical approach to the relation between muscle control and technique is used to intensify the effectiveness of training. In addition, through out-of-class research students will obtain general background about ballet which, combined with intensive class work, is intended to create dancers technically proficient and artistically enriched. The class is a continuation of topics addressed in DANC 242 (formerly DANP 242) but is not dependent on being taken in sequence. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered spring semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 245)

  
  • DANC 247 - Theory and Practice of Jazz Dance, Spring

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of jazz dance. It will also provide a historical overview of jazz dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of jazz dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required, including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances. The class is a continuation of topics addressed in DANC 237 (formerly DANP 237) but is not dependent on being taken in sequence. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of four credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered spring semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 247)

  
  • DANC 248 - Theory and Practice of Modern Dance, Fall

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of modern dance. It will also provide a historical overview of modern dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of modern dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required, including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of four credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. (Formerly DANP/PHED 248)

  
  • DANC 249 - Theory and Practice of Modern Dance, Spring

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of modern dance. It will also provide a historical overview of modern dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of modern dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required, including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances. The class is a continuation of topics addressed in DANC 248 (formerly DANP 248) but is not dependent on being taken in sequence. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of four credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered spring semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 249)

  
  • DANC 251 - Dance History

    (3 credits)
    This course will investigate the development of western theatrical dance from Ancient Greece to contemporary American choreographers. Students will gain a deeper understanding of the rich history of dance in its social, political and historical context. This course will focus on the development of western theatrical dance through an exploration of prominent individuals, artistic trends and the continuing development of dance technique. Offered annually. (Formerly THEA 251) (CFPA; CWRT)

  
  • DANC 254 - Science and Theory of Dance

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Matriculated in the dance major or minor
    This course will be an investigation of the basic science and compositional theory of dance as an art form. Dance education concentration students and minors will study human anatomy and biomechanics of dance to become knowledgeable about safe and efficient movement in dance. Students will learn the basic theories of dance composition, including investigations of movement, space, force and time as a foundation for choreography. Students will employ this knowledge in short compositions and in critical analysis for dance as an art form. Offered fall semester.

  
  • DANC 255 - Creative Dance

    (3 credits)
    This course investigates the theory of dance through participation, composition, lecture, discussion and film. Students learn about the elements of space, time, force, movement and style. (Formerly PHED/THEA 255) (CFPA)

  
  • DANC 256 - Dance Composition

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: DANC 254 or DANC 255
    This class investigates the use of basic elements of dance to form a movement composition. Students will perform exercises in choreography and experience setting a dance for performance. Offered spring semester. (Formerly PHED/THEA 256)

  
  • DANC 259 - Dance Repertory

    (1 credit)
    Students are taught a major choreographic work and rehearse it for performance. Offered spring semester. (Formerly PHED/THEA 259)

  
  • DANC 260 - World Dance

    (3 credits)
    This course is an introductory overview to some of the major dance traditions of the world, with emphasis on Asia, the Pacific, Africa and the Arctic. Offered annually. (Formerly PHED/THEA 260) (CFPA; CGCL)

  
  • DANC 263 - Dance History to 1915

    (3 credits)
    Dance History to 1915 will investigate the development of Western theatrical dance from ancient civilization through Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe, including Romantic and Classical ballet. Students will gain a deeper understanding of the rich history of dance in its social, political and historical contexts. The course will focus on the development of Western theatrical dance through an exploration of prominent individuals, artistic trends and the continuing development of dance technique. Offered fall semester. (Formerly PHED/THEA 263) (CFPA)

  
  • DANC 264 - Dance History from 1915

    (3 credits)
    Dance History from 1915 will investigate the development of Western theatrical dance from the end of Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe period to contemporary American choreographers, including Martha Graham, George Balanchine and Alvin Ailey. Students will gain a deeper understanding of the rich history of dance in its social, political and historical contexts. The course will focus on the development of Western theatrical dance through an exploration of prominent individuals, artistic trends and the continuing development of dance technique. Offered spring semester. (Formerly PHED/THEA 264) (CFPA)

  
  • DANC 271 - Theory and Practice of Tap Dance

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of tap dance. It will also provide a historical overview of tap dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of tap dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required, including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of four credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered spring semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 271)

  
  • DANC 280 - Theory and Practice in Dance Art and Education

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: DANC 254; and one of the following: DANC 242, DANC 245, DANC 248, DANC 249
    Corequisite: DANC 353

    Students in this course actively engage in creative/expressive dance and improvisation while learning and applying movement concepts and vocabulary from Laban Movement Analysissm and educational dance. Students identify, analyze, apply and demonstrate basic movement concepts, practices and vocabulary. Students apply concepts and practices to teaching dance. Students choreograph and analyze dance sequences both individually and in small groups using the dance concepts, practices and vocabulary. Additionally, students delve into strengths and limits of perspectives, analyze assumptions, and explore outcomes related to actions concerning dance education and student learning. Knowledge of this content will provide students a foundation for dance teaching, choreographing and dance analysis in diverse settings. This is a required course for dance majors. Offered spring semester.

  
  • DANC 298 - Second Year Seminar (Speaking Intensive)

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: _ _ _ _199; Open to all sophomores and juniors who have completed ENGL 101, and the speaking skills requirement. Students with 54 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived. Cannot be taken if _ _ _ _ 298 or _ _ _ _ 299 are taken for credit.
    Second Year Seminars (SYS) are speaking-intensive topic courses that build on the academic skills and habits introduced in the First Year Seminar. SYS courses engage students in a specific academic area of interest and provide them with the opportunity to reinforce, share and interpret knowledge. Students will improve their speaking, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while building the connections between scholarship and action that are required for lifelong learning. These courses will fulfill the Second Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one SYS course may be taken for credit. (CSYS; CSPI; CFPA)

  
  • DANC 299 - Second Year Seminar (Writing Intensive)

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: _ _ _ _199; Open to all sophomores and juniors who have completed ENGL 101 and ENGL 102. Students with 54 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived. Cannot be taken if _ _ _ _ 298 or _ _ _ _ 299 are taken for credit.
    Second Year Seminars (SYS) are writing-intensive topic courses that build on the academic skills and habits introduced in the First Year Seminar. SYS courses engage students in a specific academic area of interest and provide them with the opportunity to reinforce, share and interpret knowledge. Students will improve their writing, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while building the connections between scholarship and action that are required for lifelong learning. These courses will fulfill the Second Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one SYS course may be taken for credit. (CSYS; CWRT; CFPA)

  
  • DANC 345 - Theory and Practice of Advanced Ballet Technique

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor
    This course is for students with extensive ballet experience. The course will emphasize an awareness of alignment, advanced ballet vocabulary, pointe work, and advanced ballet pedagogy. Advanced ballet follows a traditional ballet structure: barre, center adagio, petit allegro and grand allegro. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits. Offered periodically.

  
  • DANC 349 - Theory and Practice of Advanced Modern Technique

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor
    This course is for students with previous modern dance experience and a serious interest in challenging themselves and expanding their dance skills. The course will cover advanced terminology and principles of modern dance technique. The course will emphasize an awareness of alignment, modern dance vocabulary, musicality, creativity, performance quality and dynamic nuance. Partnering skills will be introduced. Repeatable: may earn a maximum of six credits. Offered periodically.

  
  • DANC 353 - Creative Dance for Children

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: DANP 281 or consent of instructor
    The study and experience of dance as a creative art activity for children is covered in this course. This course is for those planning to work with children in schools, camps, community centers or enrichment programs. Offered spring semester. (Formerly PHED/THEA 353)

  
  • DANC 357 - Dance Production Theory

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: DANC 254 and DANC 256; or consent of instructor
    This course provides the opportunity to choreograph and plan the presentation of a major dance work. Lectures and practical assignments in choreography and stagecraft for dance result in a plan for a dance piece. Offered fall semester. (Formerly PHED/THEA 357)

  
  • DANC 358 - Dance Production Techniques

    (1 credit)
    Prerequisite: DANC 254 and DANC 256 and DANC 357; or consent of instructor
    This class is a continuation of DANC 357. The class provides the opportunity to set choreography created in DANC 357 on dancers, create costumes and perform theater technical tasks to produce a dance concert. (Formerly PHED/THEA 358)

  
  • DANC 359 - Dance Ensemble Practicum

    (1 credit)
    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor
    The Dance Ensemble is a pre-professional college company that prepares students technically to perform at various events including competitions and other dance productions. The Dance Ensemble also has a community outreach component, in which the company plans and orchestrates workshops with local schools and other institutions. Admittance to the Dance Ensemble is by audition only and is for the serious dancer and dance educator. Students who participate in the Dance Ensemble must commit to rehearsals, performances, fundraisers, outreach projects and group events. Students must be either concurrently enrolled in DANC 155 or commit to technical support of its concert.  Repeatable: may earn a maximum of five credits. (Formerly THEA 359)

  
  • DANC 360 - Theatrical Lighting and Production Techniques for Dance

    (2 credits)
    This course will examine the unique properties of the collaborative relationship between lighting and dance. Students will design lighting compositions to accompany choreographed movement. Students will be expected to give thoughtful and constructive feedback for the work done by their peers on a regular basis. This is not intended to be a technical course, but rather a creative course resulting in a final collaborative performance/project. This course is a companion to Dance Kaleidoscope. Offered alternate spring semesters.

  
  • DANC 399 - Topical Studies in Dance

    (3 credits)
    The class will offer variable contemporary topics in dance, such as reconstructions of artistic works. Repeatable for different topics. Offered periodically.

  
  • DANC 452 - Ballet Pedagogy

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: DANC 242 and DANC 245; or consent of instructor
    The course is based on fundamental ballet technique – the foundation of all dance training. It is intended to prepare the prospective dance teacher with the skills with which to provide safe and accurate dance training. Offered spring semester. (Formerly THEA 452)

  
  • DANC 453 - Dance Methodology

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: DANC 353 and DANP 281
    Prospective dance educators are introduced to diverse theories and practices for teaching dance with a focus on middle school and high school-aged students (ages 11-18). Students explore the use of selected dance genres, improvisation and dance-making (composition) as methods of teaching and learning. Students gain knowledge and skill in developing experiences in teaching, which will accompany discussions and lectures. Course content emphasizes the use of dance and movement as transformative teaching and learning. Offered fall semester. (Formerly THEA 453)

 

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