Apr 29, 2024  
Undergraduate/Graduate Catalog 2017-2018 
    
Undergraduate/Graduate Catalog 2017-2018 [ARCHIVED CATALOG] See drop-down menu above to access other catalogs.

Course Descriptions


Note: See Addenda to the 2017/18 Catalog  as that information supersedes the published version of this catalog.

The course descriptions include all courses that are taught for academic credit at the university. They are arranged in alpha-numerical sequence by course subject code.

See How to Read Course Descriptions  for additional information.

At present, the majority of the 500-600 level courses are offered in the evening hours. Students should be aware that not all courses are offered in the evening or every semester. Students who are only able to enroll in classes 4 pm or after should consult the appropriate department chairperson for information about the availability of evening sections of courses required in a specific major, concentration and/or minor. Students are urged to consult “Available Course Sections” through InfoBear each semester to determine when specific courses are offered.

 

 

 

Counseling ‐ Student Affairs

  
  • CNSA 515 - Foundations in Higher Education Counseling for Student Affairs Practice

    (3 credits)
    This course is designed to provide students with an overview of the student affairs profession, its historical foundations, and its roles and functions. The course will address the college and university settings where the profession is practiced, as well as the skills and competencies needed by practitioners to address student development issues. The course will explore the relationship between academic and student affairs and the importance of applying student development theory to practical applications with college students. Students will be exposed to current issues regarding student affairs in higher education. Topics covered in the course include (but are not limited to) institutional mission, organization and administrative models in higher education, training and supervision of staff, program planning and ethical and legal issues in higher education, fiscal and budget management, and good practice in student affairs. (Formerly CNSA 523)

  
  • CNSA 520 - Ethical, Legal and Professional Issues in Student Affairs

    (3 credits)
    This course is designed to provide students with an in-depth exploration of ethical, legal and professional issues relating to student affairs practice, including but not limited to confidentiality, student privacy, contracts, technology/the Internet, boundaries and dual/multiple relationships, record keeping, supervision of paraprofessional undergraduate/graduate student staff, mental health issues of college students and professional practice in student affairs. Students will acquire knowledge on ethical refection and the core ethical principles in student affairs practice. Students will also learn models that infuse multicultural and diversity issues throughout the ethical decision-making process. Students will gain awareness on how legal issues impact student affairs practice and policy development. Students will learn how to manage organizations and structures within student affairs and higher education, and foster collaborative approaches with key campus constituents and administrators.

  
  • CNSA 525 - Student Affairs Administration

    (3 credits)
    This course is designed to provide students with an overview of student affairs and higher education administration practice. The course will address the various administrative functions for student affairs administrators, such as fiscal and budget management, organizational development, supervision, training, and evaluation of graduate and paraprofessional staff, program planning, needs assessment, fostering partnerships between academic and student affairs, and ways to integrate student development theory into administration policy and development. Students will discuss ways that administrative decision-making impacts student well-being and campus environments and how policies and procedures are created.

  
  • CNSA 528 - Counseling Theories and Techniques for Student Affairs Counseling

    (3 credits)
    This course will introduce the Student Affairs student to the major counseling theories and will infuse practical application of the techniques and skills associated with each theory. These theories will be examined with respect to their overall worldview and practice in the context of Student Affairs. In addition to theories, a secondary course emphasis will be counselor self-reflection and self-awareness as well as working with individual clients. Additional areas that will be infused in the course include: culture and other contextual factors, diversity in a broad context, ecological systems, ethical considerations and prevention strategies.

  
  • CNSA 530 - Helping Skills for Student Affairs Professionals

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Matriculation in the MEd, Postmaster’s or CAGS program in Student Affairs counseling; or consent of instructor
    This course is designed to acquaint students with the counseling skills, interventions and techniques that are used within a student affairs setting. Through lectures, discussions, role-plays, demonstrations and videotaped vignettes, students will develop the skills and the conceptual frameworks that are necessary for effective counseling with college students. Students will learn basic crisis intervention strategies in order to effectively respond to a variety of mental health-related issues on campus. Students will discuss appropriate referral procedures and ways to foster critical collaborative relationships with institutional and community resources. Professional ethics, legal standards, technology, developmental theories and multicultural competencies will be integrated within the practice of counseling in a student affairs capacity.

  
  • CNSA 560 - Special Topics in Student Affairs

    (1-3 credits)
    This variable credit course provides students with an opportunity for in-depth exploration of a current topic in student affairs. Relevant theory will be discussed, as well as concerns related to multiculturalism and diversity, technology and ethical issues. Students may take this special topics course numerous times with permission of the program director or course instructor.

  
  • CNSA 570 - Advanced Applied Counseling: Student Affairs Counseling

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite:CNGC 520 and CNGC 529 and CNGC 538 and CNSA 528, all of which may be taken concurrently; and CNSA 510 and CNSA 515 and CNSA 520 and CNSA 530; and a practicum application approved by the director of fieldwork
    This course includes a minimum of 150 hours of field experience and is designed to provide the advanced student affairs counseling student with an opportunity to further examine and effectively apply counseling and student development theory to practice, and demonstrate this ability during the required practicum experience. Students will actively work with college students/clients in the role of counselor under the direct supervision of a student affairs professional counselor at an approved site. Emphasis will be placed upon the application of counseling techniques to the adolescent/adult population and the further refinement of a student’s individual counseling style and self-awareness. Maximum use of clinical supervision, audio/video tape, role play and observation will be made. Moreover, overarching issues such as multiculturalism, psychological development, student development, technology and context will be integrated throughout this course. (Formerly CNHE 570)

  
  • CNSA 571 - Internship: Student Affairs Counselor

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CNSA 570 and an internship application approved by the director of fieldwork
    This three credit fieldwork experience is for the Student Affairs student seeking experience in various higher education settings. Students must complete a minimum total of 150 hours at an approved higher education site. Students must submit an application by the first Monday of April for the summer semester, the first Monday of June for the fall semester, or by the first Monday of November for the spring semester. This course may be repeated for a maximum of 12 credits.


Criminal Justice

  
  • CRJU 199 - First Year Seminar

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Open to all freshmen with a writing placement score of 3 or above or a SAT score of 500 or above or who have completed ENGL 101. Students with 24 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived.
    First Year Seminars (FYS) are writing-intensive, topic courses that introduce students to academic thought, discourse and practices. FYS courses prepare and orient students toward productive and fulfilling college careers by actively engaging them in a specific academic area of interest. Students will improve their writing, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while learning to work both collaboratively and independently. These courses will fulfill the First Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one FYS course may be taken for credit. (CFYS)

  
  • CRJU 201 - Introduction to Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    This course provides an overview of the American criminal justice system, including the development and structure of the system. It surveys the roles and relationships among the key actors in the system, including police, courts, juries, prosecutors and corrections agencies and institutions. The course also examines the relations between society, crime and the criminal justice system. Offered both semesters.

  
  • CRJU 202 - Crime Theory

    (3 credits)
    This course provides an overview of the theoretical frameworks for explaining criminal behavior. Each of the major criminological paradigms – biological, psychological, environmental, social, political, economic and integrated theories – will be discussed. The historical, political and social context in which these theories emerged and the policy implications of the theories will also be presented. The class will focus on each theory’s major tenets, its social context, and critiques of its assumptions and reasoning.

  
  • CRJU 213 - The Juvenile Justice System

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202, both may be taken concurrently
    The primary focus of this course is to understand the purpose, organization and function of the juvenile justice system. This course also examines the evolution of the juvenile justice system – its philosophy, aims, objectives and dilemmas.

  
  • CRJU 227 - Deviance and Social Control

    (3 credits) Cross Listed with SOCI 227
    Prerequisite: SOCI 102 and CRJU 201; or consent of instructor
    This course examines deviant acts with an eye toward understanding social order and change. Topics covered include the types and causes of deviance, the social conditions and elements of deviant acts, and the effects of deviance and mechanisms for prevention, punishing and rehabilitating deviant individuals and groups. (Formerly CRJU/SOCI 327)

  
  • CRJU 241 - Women and Violence

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 or consent of instructor
    Within a global perspective that recognizes the myriad and diverse experiences of women, this course examines the continuum of violence that affects women’s lives, as victims and/or perpetrators. Framed by cross-cultural analyses of trends and patterns, students investigate how historical, socio-political and economic conditions shape the way women experience and respond to domination and exploitation. Specifically, the course examines violence against women that is differentially racialized, class- based and gendered, as well as how such acts of violence and violation shape a woman’s sense of identity. Topics include sexual violence, intimate partner violence, media portrayal of violence against women, women street crime offenders and women in prison. (CMCL; CSOC; CWRT)

  
  • CRJU 255 - Juvenile Delinquency

    (3 credits) Cross Listed with SOCI 255
    Prerequisite: SOCI 102 or CRJU 201; or consent of instructor
    This course includes the analysis of the nature and types of juvenile behavior that violates law; the mechanisms of defining such behavior as delinquent; and the relationship between delinquency and the social situations of juvenile offenders. Offered fall semester. (Formerly CRJU/SOCI 355)

  
  • CRJU 265 - Study Tour in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Approved application through the Study Abroad Office
    These short-term international study courses offer students first-hand exposure to and interaction with foreign cultures, as well as comparative perspectives on policies and practices of criminal justice. International courses include pre-departure orientation sessions, as well as lessons and activities at an international destination. Language of instruction will either be English or vary according to the course. Course destinations and topics will vary. This course may be repeated for a maximum of nine credits for different destinations and topics. Contact the Department of Criminal Justice or the International Programs Office for current study course offerings. A study tour fee is required and varies. (CGCL; CSOC)

  
  • CRJU 271 - Crime Victims and the Political Process

    (3 credits)
    The goal of this course is to expand and evaluate students’ knowledge of how crime victims influence criminal justice policy. Students will gain knowledge by exploring if, how and when crime victims affect legislators’ view on crime. The course examines the media’s role in promoting a victim’s view and the impact on crime policy. The role of victims’ rights groups and their political goals, methods and efficacy will also be examined. The role of race, class and gender in crime victims’ access to legislators and media outlets will also be discussed. Students will complete the course with a critical and analytical view of the growing and unchallenged influence of crime victims in policymaking.

  
  • CRJU 280 - Environmental Criminology

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202; or consent of instructor
    This course will introduce students to the principles of environmental criminology. Emphasis will be placed on crime events (robberies, burglaries) and the interactions of their corresponding components: victims, offenders and places. Students will further examine how the criminal justice system works with those organizations outside of the criminal justice community (e.g., social service agencies, educational institutions, political agencies and community organizations) in developing effective crime prevention initiatives. Offered annually.

  
  • CRJU 290 - Mental Health in the Criminal Justice System

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course provides an in-depth look at mental health in the criminal justice system. The social construction of mental illness is analyzed both historically and currently to better understand the treatment of the mentally ill in institutions. Specifically, this course discusses the criminalization of individuals with mental illnesses, the process of deinstitutionalization, law enforcement responses to the mentally ill, applicable legal issues, mental health in jail and prison, and re-entry for individuals with mental health issues. (CMCL; CSOC; CWRT)

  
  • CRJU 298 - Second Year Seminar (Speaking Intensive)

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: _ _ _ _ 199; Open to all sophomores and juniors who have completed ENGL 101, and the speaking skills requirement. Students with 54 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived. Cannot be taken if _ _ _ _ 298 or _ _ _ _ 299 are taken for credit.
    Second Year Seminars (SYS) are speaking- intensive, topic courses that build on the academic skills and habits introduced in the First Year Seminar. SYS courses engage students in a specific academic area of interest and provide them with the opportunity to reinforce, share and interpret knowledge. Students will improve their speaking, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while building the connections between scholarship and action that are required for lifelong learning. These courses will fulfill the Second Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one SYS course may be taken for credit. (CSYS)

  
  • CRJU 299 - Second Year Seminar (Writing Intensive)

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: _ _ _ _ 199; Open to all sophomores and juniors who have completed ENGL 101 and ENGL 102. Students with 54 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived. Cannot be taken if _ _ _ _ 298 or _ _ _ _ 299 are taken for credit.
    Second Year Seminars (SYS) are writing-intensive, topic courses that build on the academic skills and habits introduced in the First Year Seminar. SYS courses engage students in a specific academic area of interest and provide them with the opportunity to reinforce, share and interpret knowledge. Students will improve their writing, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while building the connections between scholarship and action that are required for lifelong learning. These courses will fulfill the Second Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one SYS course may be taken for credit. (CSYS)

  
  • CRJU 320 - Research Methods in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course focuses on the commonly used research methods found in criminal justice. Using crime and justice contexts, topics covered include research design, the relationship between theory and research types of data, analytic techniques and ethical considerations. (Formerly CRJU 420)

  
  • CRJU 323 - Comparative Legal Systems in a Global Context

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course provides students with an understanding of the fundamental principles and practices of non-U.S. legal systems. The course will assess historical legacies, along with origins of law and the development of key legal institutions. The intent is to foster greater comprehension of different legal systems in an interdependent world. The course will begin by examining legal systems with Western qualities, followed by an examination of legal systems not constructed on Western suppositions. Comparisons will be cross-national, and will be informed by increased knowledge of non-U.S. legal systems. Offered alternate years, fall semester. (CGCL)

  
  • CRJU 324 - Law, Justice and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course explores the relationship between the social forces (economic, demographic, political, religious and technological) that shape legal systems, and the way that legal systems, in turn, shape social reality. Historical and contemporary interdisciplinary theories will be examined as to their usefulness in understanding the relationships between law, justice and society. Particular attention will be given to issues of social control, legitimacy, deviance, justice, the workings of the legal profession and how public truth is constructed. Offered alternate years, spring semester.

  
  • CRJU 325 - Political Theory and the Justice System

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course focuses on the dynamics of political forces and the role they play in the management of crime and justice in the United States. Political theories and perspectives are examined, compared, and contrasted within the context of justice system practices, policies and outcomes. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 330 - Analyzing Criminal Justice Data

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 320 (formerly CRJU 420) and MATH 105 or higher
    This course teaches principles of statistical techniques as applied within criminal justice. By using criminal justice research problems, this course will cover topics including constructing testable research questions, organizing data, applying appropriate statistical tests and interpreting results. This course also teaches student how to evaluate government data, technical reports and empirical studies which summarize criminal justice data. (Formerly CRJU 430) (CQUR)

  
  • CRJU 331 - Police, Community and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course examines the current issues and themes relating to the police and their role in communities and in society. Topics covered will include the organizational structure of police departments, police problems and issues affecting society at large, new theories of the effects of policing on crime, and the effectiveness of community policing. Offered both semesters.

  
  • CRJU 332 - History of Policing in America

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 331 or consent of instructor
    This course examines the historical development of policing in the United States and the relationship between past police practices and their modern counterparts (e.g., organization structures, police subculture issues and police-community relations). By examining the history of policing and how it functioned, students will develop a more informed perspective regarding this vital component of the criminal justice system. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 334 - White Collar Crime

    (3 credits) Cross Listed with SOCI 334
    Prerequisite: SOCI 102 and SOCI 300; or CRJU 201; or consent of instructor
    Broadening the definition of crime, this course will study the behavioral systems involved in the commission of white collar crimes in complex structures, such as government bureaucracies, multi-national corporations and underground systems. The modern institutional factors – political and social – permitting or restricting the commission of such crimes will be investigated. Specifically, the performance of the criminal justice system will be examined. Offered spring semester.

  
  • CRJU 341 - Courts and the Judicial Process

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines the development of the American criminal court system. The purposes, structure, functions, procedures and effects of the federal and state judicial system are studied. The course considers the roles of central actors and the decision-making process in criminal courts as well as the impact of social inequality on the structure and operation of criminal courts. Prospects for reforming criminal courts are explored.

  
  • CRJU 346 - Criminal Law and Procedure

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines the nature, purpose and historical development of criminal law and criminal procedure. Criminal liability and responsibility, parties to crimes, elements of various crimes, and defenses to criminal accusations are studied. The course will also examine how constitutional issues relating to arrest, search and seizure, and self-incrimination define standards of liberty. In addition, this course focuses on the ideological changes that manifest in court opinion, the implicit, or at times explicit, relationship between politics, partisanship and court behavior. (CWRT)

  
  • CRJU 347 - Restorative Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 or consent of instructor

    See Addenda  for changes to this course, effective Spring 2018.

    This course explores the philosophy of restorative justice, which includes a global set of indigenous peacemaking practices. Restorative justice emphasizes forgiveness, redemption, offender reintegration through community involvement, offender accountability and victim-offender mediation. (CGCL; CMCL; CSOC; CWRT)

  
  • CRJU 349 - Perspectives on the Holocaust

    (3 credits) Cross Listed with INTD/SCWK 349
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 or SCWK 270
    This course introduces students to an interdisciplinary approach to studies of the Holocaust. An apocalyptic event, the Holocaust provides countless opportunities for students to identify and construct central questions and then embark on a journey of critical analyses and increased understanding of this historical event. Several topics are pursued including the sociopolitical processes that permit government-led discriminatory treatment of various social groups despite their possession of citizenship; the codification of laws that legitimized the marginalization, criminalization, and the near genocide of the Jews and other groups during the ascension and the apex of Nazism in Germany and the ability of government to gain the participation of ordinary people in this coordinated effort of abuse, theft and murder. In addition, this course reviews the human experiences of resistance, resilience and the survivorship of those who remained alive and intact physically, mentally, spiritually and socially during the Holocaust. Finally, the determination of relevant applications from the study of the Holocaust to nascent social conditions and social problems occurring elsewhere in the world is undertaken. (CGCL; CMCL)

  
  • CRJU 350 - Behind the Walls: Crime and Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and consent of instructor
    This course is an opportunity for students to exchange ideas and perceptions of crime and justice with an incarcerated population. The topics discussed each semester may vary. Through dialog and writing assignments, theoretical knowledge and lived experience will be interwoven to gain a deeper understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. This course follows the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program model of teaching and is taught inside the prison walls. This course may be repeated for a maximum of six credits. Offered either semester. (CMCL; CSOC; CWRT)

  
  • CRJU 352 - Urban Crime

    (3 credits) Cross Listed with SOCI 352
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 or CRJU 202 or SOCI 102 or SOCI 103
    This course examines urban and neighborhood crime. In addition to surveying theories of urban crime, disorder, and unrest, it examines responses to urban crime, including community policing, order maintenance policing, crime prevention through environmental design, and programs to ameliorate the deeper causes of crime. The course examines the effects of inequality, racial and ethnic discrimination, substance abuse and gun violence on urban crime. Another topic covered is the drop in urban crime rates during the 1990s. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 354 - Corrections

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course is an analysis of the social and organizational structures and processes involved in dealing with individuals who have been designated as offenders of criminal law. The correctional system includes community-based corrections, institutional corrections, and issues of supervision, rehabilitation, aftercare and offender re-entry. (Formerly SOCI 354)

  
  • CRJU 358 - Race, Class, Crime and Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines the effects of class and race on justice outcomes. Historical and contemporary practices of the system are evaluated for disparate or discriminatory patterns. Offered once yearly. (CMCL)

  
  • CRJU 359 - Technology and Crime Control

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202 and six additional credits in criminal justice courses
    This course examines how changes in technology create new forms of crime, as well as modes of apprehension, detection and prevention. Additionally, the course will examine the “outsourcing” of surveillance by the states and the federal government to private corporate data miners. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 360 - Foundation of Digital Forensic Investigation

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202; or consent of instructor
    This course engages students in learning fundamental knowledge of cybercrime focused digital forensics. The course aims to cover various cybercrime investigative topics and digital forensic investigation practices using digital evidence samples within ethical and legal contexts. In the process of learning, students will explore various cybercrime investigation methods and be able to successfully analyze and document the digital evidence. Offered fall, spring and summer.

  
  • CRJU 369 - Gender, Crime and Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202; or consent of instructor
    This interdisciplinary course will explore how females experience crime, justice, and the criminal justice system differently than do males. Through a comparative historical lens, we will explore legal, philosophical, psychological, sociological and political perspectives on crime and justice. This course will use a gendered perspective in examining the roots of violence against women in our society, specifically addressing femicide, intimate partner violence, and sexual assault. We will then examine the difference between women and men as offenders, including theories of offending, agency and types of offenses committed. Particular emphasis will be given to incarceration alternatives, including restorative justice programs. (CMCL; CSOC; CWRT)

  
  • CRJU 371 - Sex Crimes

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course explores the historical evolution of sex crimes. Topics include the age of consent, prostitution, anti-sodomy laws, stranger rape, date rape and sex-offender registration. The course will also examine the impact of sexual assault on victims and offenders, as well as the criminal justice system’s response and the role of policymakers and advocacy groups in the formulation and enforcement of sex crime laws.

  
  • CRJU 372 - Terrorism and Civil Liberties

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    The focus of this course is the ongoing conflict between preventing terrorism and compromising constitutional freedoms. This course will examine the enhanced powers of police agencies and federal prosecutors. Students will survey the effects of these new powers, particularly with regard to changes in due process standards and evidentiary requirements. Students will also be provided with historical examples of previous national security efforts to protect the public.

  
  • CRJU 381 - Privatization in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201
    This course will examine the many controversies around the reemergence of private prisons as well as the explosive growth of private police in the United States. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 385 - Victimology

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course involves the study of victimization by drawing on scientific and other literature that analyzes these experiences, impacts and consequences on crime victims, justice system policies and practices, and the law.

  
  • CRJU 388 - Hate Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 410

    See Addenda  for changes to this course, effective Spring 2018.

    Crime that is committed as a result of bigotry is commonly referred to as hate crime. This course examines the political and social significance of these crime events. In addition, this course reviews theories of prejudice, the role of youth subcultures in the development of the neo-Nazi skinhead movement, typologies of hate groups, motives, hate crime victimology, recruitment strategies of hate groups, hate speech and correctional responses.

  
  • CRJU 399 - Special Topics in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dependent on topic
    Various special topics of current interest in criminal justice will be offered from time to time. Topics will be announced before registration. May be taken more than once but only three credits will be counted toward the first 30 hours in the criminal justice major.

  
  • CRJU 404 - Media, Justice and Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and an additional three-credit criminal justice course
    This course is a survey of how various media institutions (newspapers, magazines, talk radio, network television, cable, film and Internet-based products) and formats (news, entertainment and infotainment) shape the representation and public perception of dangerousness, criminality, police activity and ultimately, the direction of contemporary social policy. Offered alternate years, spring semester.

  
  • CRJU 406 - Ethics and the Criminal Justice System

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines a wide range of ethical and moral issues in the field of criminal justice. Topics covered include the use of harm to prevent harm, the use of discretionary decision-making, prediction problems and moral dilemmas that confront various justice agents, e.g., police, prosecutors, defense attorneys and correctional officers. Teleological and deontological ethical systems are examined and used to measure the moral worth of practitioner actions in the criminal justice system. Offered once a year.

  
  • CRJU 410 - Applied Theory and Crime Policy

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 320 and CRJU 330 and CRJU 331 and CRJU 341 and CRJU 354 and CRJU 406
    This course utilizes an applied approach in examining theories of crime causation in light of criminal justice aims. The criminal justice system responds to crime and criminals based on explicit and implicit theories of causation. Building on the analysis and skills acquired from our research methods and data analysis courses, students will examine the validity of crime theories and correlated interventions. Additional attention will be paid to the associate policy implications. (CWRM)

  
  • CRJU 415 - Police Culture

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course will introduce students to the study of the organizational culture of law enforcement. Specifically, students will encounter a rich, diverse and burgeoning literature on police culture, as they read a number of first-person accounts drawn from ethnographic fieldwork. They will explore vexing and contentious issues such as the misuse of force, official corruption and the militarization of policing in the 21st  century.

  
  • CRJU 425 - Comparative Crime and Deviance

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 341 and CRJU 410
    This course examines crime, law and deviance in comparative perspective. Among the topics covered will be the logic of comparative research problems of cross-national data, violent crime, economic and political crime, transnational corporate crime, underdevelopment and crime, social control and conflict resolution, and criminal justice and penal policies. The course also focuses on crime in relation to age, gender, race and class. The comparative materials are used to reflect on problems of crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. Offered alternate spring semesters.

  
  • CRJU 426 - Ethnography and Crime Analysis

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 410
    This course examines ethnographic research methodologies as they relate to crime and justice. The culture of particular criminal groups, as well as justice agents, is often unveiled for the first time through the efforts of field researchers. Students will learn how researchers enter the world of their subjects, build trust, process information and report social phenomena. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 427 - Alternative Crime Analysis

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 410, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 320; or consent of instructor
    This course introduces students to structured real-time observations of the world of crime and criminal interdiction. Students will learn about the theories, practices and potential pitfalls of field research, from design to application and interpretation. Students will be introduced to the six most commonly employed approaches in qualitative research: narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case studies and content analysis. As a final project, students will choose one approach and will design a mock study intended to enhance potential future study of crime and the criminal justice system.

  
  • CRJU 428 - Culture and Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 201 and CRJU 202
    This course examines the impact of what occurs before crimes are ever committed. Students will begin with an exposure to the definitions of culture, its impact on society, and the way(s) in which subcultures shape worldviews and notions of right and wrong. The course will introduce concepts such as resistance, transgression, and seduction as both predictors and explanations of crime within the overarching context of the power relationships experienced by the various cultures co-existing within our society. (CMCL; CSOC)

  
  • CRJU 441 - Homicide

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 341 and CRJU 410; or consent of instructor

    See Addenda  for changes to this course, effective Spring 2018.

    This course explores key theoretical paradigms, as well as current research related to homicide. Situating homicide in the U.S. within global patterns and historical trends, this class investigates the following phenomena: types of homicide, which include femicide (murder of women), intimate partner homicide, serial murder, hate murder, rampage killings, gang murder and terrorism. The course also addresses the characteristics of homicide victims and offenders, along with identifying factors that contribute to variance in homicide levels and specific types of homicide. Finally, beginning with legal definitions of homicide, the course surveys how the criminal justice system responds to homicide.

  
  • CRJU 485 - Honors Thesis

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Open to Commonwealth and Departmental Honors students and senior status. CRJU 320.
    The Honors Thesis can only be taken as a two-semester thesis. Students must enroll in CRJU 485 in a second consecutive semester after having successfully completed the first semester of CRJU 485. The Departmental Honors Committee will determine if the final version of the thesis qualifies the student to graduate with honors. This course may be taken twice for a maximum of six credits.

  
  • CRJU 496 - Seminar: Critical Issues in Crime and Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Senior standing and CRJU 320 and CRJU 330 and CRJU 331 and CRJU 341 and CRJU 354 and CRJU 406; and CRJU 410, which may be taken concurrently
    This course is designed to provide criminal justice majors with a capstone experience, which emphasizes integration of knowledge and skills acquired throughout the criminal justice curriculum. Using an interdisciplinary lens, students analyze critical issues of diversity, inequality and power related to crime and justice. The seminar will require students to demonstrate: 1) comprehensive knowledge of the field of criminal justice; 2) critical thinking skills; 3) effectiveness in oral and written communication; 4) awareness of ethical issues; and 5) knowledge of data sources and the ability to apply criminal justice related information and research.

  
  • CRJU 497 - Research

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Senior standing and CRJU 320 and CRJU 330 and CRJU 331 and CRJU 341 and CRJU 354 and CRJU 406; and CRJU 410, which may be taken concurrently; and consent of department; formal application required
    Students will conduct social research using techniques taught in CRJU 320, writing reports of findings as for publication. Experimental survey and content analysis approaches will be used. This course is primarily for criminal justice majors; others by special arrangement.

  
  • CRJU 498 - Internship in Criminal Justice

    (3-15 credits)
    Prerequisite: Senior standing and a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.5 and CRJU 320 and CRJU 331 and CRJU 341 and CRJU 354 and CRJU 406 and CRJU 410; and CRJU 330, which may be taken concurrently; and consent of the department; formal application required
    The internship provides an opportunity for senior criminal justice majors to gain practical expertise in the field by participating in an off-campus work study experience that complements their academic preparation. In addition to working in their internship setting, students will meet regularly with a faculty supervisor. Students may work in an appropriate local, state or federal agency or private organization. Only three credits of internship may count toward the major in criminal justice. This course may be repeated for a maximum of 15 credits. Offered either semester.

  
  • CRJU 499 - Directed Study in Criminal Justice

    (1-3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of the department; formal application required
    Directed study is open to juniors and seniors who have demonstrated critical and analytical abilities in their studies and who wish to pursue a project independently. This course may be taken twice for a maximum of six credits. Offered either semester.

  
  • CRJU 500 - Foundations of Scholarship

    (3 credits)
    This course provides students with opportunities to better develop the tools needed for scholarly graduate-level research and writing, including critical thinking, analysis and writing. There will be an emphasis on research-based writing, e.g., conducting a literature review, evaluating claims, and planning and drafting papers. This course will also address appropriate documentation and citation methodologies; the utilization of library resources, print and electronic data sources, legal research and computer use. Methods for writing a successful master’s thesis will also be incorporated.

  
  • CRJU 501 - Structure and Process of the Criminal Justice System

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course examines the organization of the criminal justice system and explores the nature of relationships among its components. The origins of criminal law, law enforcement agencies, federal and state court systems and corrections are reviewed. In addition, the functions and processes of each essential agency within the criminal justice system are investigated. Students completing this course will gain a solid understanding of the evolution of the modern criminal justice system as it developed from its Western European and British roots.

  
  • CRJU 502 - Research

    (3 or 6 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of department; formal application required; and CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    Original research is undertaken by the graduate student in their field. For details, consult the paragraph titled “Directed or Independent Study” in the “College of Graduate Studies” section of this catalog. This course may be repeated for a maximum of six credits.

  
  • CRJU 503 - Directed Study

    (1-3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Consent of department; formal application required and CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    Directed study is designed for the graduate student who desires to study selected topics in a specific field. For details, consult the paragraph titled “Directed or Independent Study” in the “College of Graduate Studies” section of this catalog. This course may be repeated for a maximum of six credits.

  
  • CRJU 504 - Seminar: Crime, Justice and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This seminar introduces students to crime and justice in American society. It provides an overview of central issues in criminal justice and of the five core areas in criminal justice 1) criminal justice and juvenile justice processes, 2) criminology, 3) law enforcement, 4) law adjudication and 5) corrections.

  
  • CRJU 505 - Applications of Crime Theory

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course utilizes an applied approach in examining fundamental and advanced theories of crime and criminals based on explicit and implicit theories of causation. Recognizing this process, this course focuses on theories and their manifestations of crime and justice programs. Students will learn theory and theory validity by evaluating empirical evidence of program effects.

  
  • CRJU 510 - Research Methods in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500
    This course provides an overview of the research process and research design in relation to crime and criminal justice. Topics covered include the scientific method, operationalizing variables and indicators, ethics and policy in research and various methods of collecting data. Students will design and carry out a research project.

  
  • CRJU 511 - Analyzing Criminal Justice Data

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 510
    This course focuses on statistical data analysis in relation to research in crime and criminal justice. Topics covered include the most important data analysis techniques in social and criminal justice research the assumptions underlying various statistical techniques, and how to interpret quantitative data analysis. Students will learn to carry out their own data analysis.

  
  • CRJU 512 - Ethics and Policy in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505
    This course provides an overview and analysis of major ethical and policy issues related to crime and criminal justice. Students will examine various ethical issues including those related to policing, the death penalty and criminal courts and law. The course will also cover criminal justice policy.

  
  • CRJU 515 - Criminal Justice Administration

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course draws on research in complex organizations to analyze the structure, functions and operations of criminal justice agencies, including the police, courts and corrections. Students will gain an understanding of administration in criminal justice organizations.

  
  • CRJU 517 - Studies in Crime Prevention: Understanding What Works

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505; or consent of instructor
    This course conducts a comprehensive examination of crime prevention programs in the United States. In addition to the analysis of program features (e.g., assumptions, concepts, process, outcomes, evaluation), students will also review the social and political climates surrounding crime prevention programs. Because these initiatives are wide-ranging and often occur outside of the criminal justice system, students will learn about crime prevention programs based in the following venues: the family, the school, the community, and in job training and placement programs.

  
  • CRJU 518 - Hate Crimes and Hate Groups

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505; or consent of instructor
    This course examines the etiology of hate crime, its characteristics and the social ecology that nurtures its existence and persistence. In addition to focusing on the crime itself, the course analyzes hate groups, the dynamics of the hate movement as well as the processes of recruitment, affiliation and disaffiliation.

  
  • CRJU 521 - Domestic Violence

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of the causes of domestic violence and the criminal justice system’s response to domestic violence. Topics covered include psychological, sociological and feminist theories of domestic violence; the nature of domestic violence in a patriarchal society; resources available for victims of domestic violence; and the efficacy of various approaches to reducing domestic violence.

  
  • CRJU 522 - Women and Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of women and the criminal justice system. Topics covered include women as offenders, victims, and criminal justice professionals; theories of women and crime; and the treatment of female offenders by criminal justice agencies.

  
  • CRJU 530 - Introduction to Police Culture: An Intensive Review

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 504 and CRJU 505
    This course introduces students to the in-depth study of the organizational culture of law enforcement. Specifically, students will delve into a rich, diverse and burgeoning literature on police culture, as they read a number of first-person accounts and weigh relevant theoretical constructs drawn from ethnographic fieldwork. They will explore contentious issues, such as the misuse of force, official corruption and the militarization of policing in 21st century America, with an emphasis on the intensive use of scholarly research and monographs.

  
  • CRJU 540 - Corrections, Crime and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of the relations between crime and corrections. Topics covered include the theories of punishment, the development of corrections, theories of corrections and rehabilitation, and current issues in American corrections.

  
  • CRJU 541 - Community-Based Corrections

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500
    This course focuses on recent developments in community-based corrections. Topics covered include the history of alternatives to prisons, the relationships between community-based corrections and rehabilitation, and the political feasibility of community-based corrections. The course also examines other intermediate sanctions, such as alternative sentencing and diversion programs.

  
  • CRJU 542 - Research Seminar in Corrections

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 510 and CRJU 511
    In this seminar, students will choose a research topic related to corrections, plan and carry out their research. During weekly class meetings, the class members will discuss their projects and present their results.

  
  • CRJU 546 - Class, Race, Gender and Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course examines how class, race and gender intersect with crime and the criminal justice system. The course provides an overview of class, race, ethnic and gender stratification in the United States and looks at how that stratification is reflected in judgments about crime and in treatments of various groups in the criminal justice system.

  
  • CRJU 547 - Restorative and Transformative Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500 or consent of instructor
    This course focuses on the growing movements of restorative justice and transformative justice that address harm and crime in society.  Although these practices go back thousands of years in many indigenous communities, they have recently reemerged as alternatives to the traditional criminal justice system that is based on retributive justice.  Their aim is to create a just peace and public order within a community, healing for victims, and opportunities for accountability, transformation and restoration to offenders.  This seminar will investigate the historical roots, theoretical origins, fundamental principles, philosophies and practices of restorative and transformative justice.  It will explore the needs and roles of victims, offenders, and communities as well as models and programs such as conferencing, circles, victim-offender reconciliation, truth and reconciliation commissions, and prison reentry programs.  This course will also examine current research to identify controversial issues and challenges to restorative and transformative justice and explore future directions and possibilities. Offered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 550 - Juvenile Justice and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of juvenile delinquency and the juvenile justice system. It covers various theories of juvenile delinquency and examines their relations to broader sociological and criminological theories. Other topics include the development of the juvenile justice system, the police handling of juveniles, the role of juvenile courts, and juvenile corrections and rehabilitation.

  
  • CRJU 551 - Law and Society

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course provides an overview of the sociology of law. Topics covered include the sources and development of law, different philosophical and sociological approaches to law, the roles of criminal justice agencies, alternate dispute resolution, the relations of between law and social change, and the impact of race, class and gender in the legal system. The course will also examine attempts to develop a general theory of law and society.

  
  • CRJU 555 - Information Technology for Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    This course provides an overview of the impact of computers on criminal justice organization and on the use of computers and quantitative skills in criminal justice administration, decision-making and policy.

  
  • CRJU 561 - Seminar in White Collar Crime

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500 and CRJU 505
    This course provides an in-depth and thematic look at the various types of crimes facilitated by virtue of one’s occupation: i.e., one’s corporate, governmental, or bureaucratic affiliation. The influence of institutional factors as well as regulatory controls will be evaluated against the performance of the criminal justice system in preventing and sanctioning non-traditional crimes committed by non-traditional actors.

  
  • CRJU 565 - Study Tour in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Approval of Study Abroad Office
    This short-term travel study course offers students first-hand exposure and interaction with diverse culture, policies and practices of criminal justice. Each faculty-led course includes pre-departure orientation sessions, lessons and activities at an international destination, and post-travel summative assessments such as a research paper or reflective writing assignment. Instruction will be in English. Course destinations and topics will vary. Contact the Department of Criminal Justice or the Study Abroad Office for current study course details. May be repeated for different topics and destinations. Additional fees required.

  
  • CRJU 570 - Violent Victimization

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500 or consent of instructor
    This course involves the study of violent victimization with an emphasis on the United States. Using various datasets the course explores the causes, patterns, research and policies associated with homicide, youth violence, domestic and sexual assault and child abuse. Course content will also include an analysis of offenders and efforts to reduce their violent recidivism. Services, programs and policies for survivors of violence will also be covered. OPffered alternate years.

  
  • CRJU 571 - Sexual Assault, Offenders and Policy

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course explores the historical evolution of sex crimes. Topics include the age of consent, prostitution, anti-sodomy laws, stranger rape, “sexting,” date rape and sex-offender registration. The course will also examine the impact of sexual assault on victims and offenders, as well as the criminal justice system’s response and the role of policymakers and advocacy groups in the formulation and enforcement of sex crime laws. Graduate students will be expected to demonstrate understanding of a specialized area of sexual violence (e.g., rape in the military, offender treatment, etc.).

  
  • CRJU 597 - Research Seminar in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently; and CRJU 510 and CRJU 511
    In this seminar students will choose a research topic, plan and carry out their research. During weekly class meetings, the class members will discuss their projects and present their results. This course may be repeated twice for different topics.

  
  • CRJU 598 - Internship in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Internships provide students with experience in a criminal justice setting and give them the opportunity to apply what they have learned in their classes.

  
  • CRJU 599 - Special Topics in Criminal Justice

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: CRJU 500, which may be taken concurrently
    This course will focus on specific topics in criminal justice. The topics will differ from semester to semester.


Dance

  
  • DANC 140 - Dance Technical Practicum

    (1 credit)
    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor
    This practicum is designed to give students hands-on experience in all areas of dance production. Students will divide their 60 hour practicum among backstage technical requirements, dance production management and costume production. May be repeated once for credit. Offered either semester.

  
  • DANC 146 - Dance Appreciation

    (3 credits)
    This course is designed to explore the basic components of dance and to enable students to appreciate the art of dance as an informed audience and as participants in its rich variety. (Formerly PHED/THEA 146) (CFPA)

  
  • DANC 147 - Theory and Practice of Ballet Fundamentals

    (2 credits)
    This course gives students with little or no dance training the opportunity to obtain the essential fundamental concepts and skills of ballet technique. Emphasis is on correct placement, line and execution. In addition, through out-of-class research, students will obtain general background about ballet which, combined with intensive class work, is intended to create technically proficient and artistically enriched dancers. May be repeated for a maximum of eight credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. (Formerly DANP/PHED 147)

  
  • DANC 155 - Dance Practicum

    (1 credit)
    In this class students will choreograph and rehearse dances for a concert performance. Concurrent enrollment in a dance class is strongly advised. May be repeated for credit. Graded on a (P) Pass/(N) No Pass basis. Open by audition. (Formerly PHED/THEA 155)

  
  • DANC 199 - First Year Seminar

    (3 credits)
    Prerequisite: Open to all freshmen with a writing placement score of 3 or above or a SAT score of 500 or above or who have completed ENGL 101. Students with 24 or more transfer credits will have this requirement waived.
    First Year Seminars (FYS) are writing intensive, topic courses that introduce students to academic thought, discourse and practices. FYS courses prepare and orient students toward productive and fulfilling college careers by actively engaging them in a specific academic area of interest. Students will improve their writing, reading, research and basic information and technology skills while learning to work both collaboratively and independently. These courses will fulfill the First Year Seminar requirement and may fulfill other requirements for the core curriculum. Each course may fulfill different requirements and topics may change each semester. Only one FYS course may be taken for credit. (CFYS)

  
  • DANC 237 - Theory and Practice of Jazz Dance, Fall

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of jazz dance. It will also provide a historical overview of jazz dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of jazz dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances.  May be repeated once for credit. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered fall semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 237)

  
  • DANC 242 - Theory and Practice of Ballet, Fall

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Ballet experience. Students may self-select.
    This course gives students with an elementary level of training the opportunity to establish, develop and refine classical ballet technique. Emphasis is on correct placement, line and execution. In addition, through out-of-class research students will obtain general background about ballet, which combined with intensive class work, is intended to create dancers technically proficient and artistically enriched. May be repeated for a maximum of six credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered fall semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 242)

  
  • DANC 245 - Theory and Practice of Ballet, Spring

    (2 credits)
    This course gives students with an intermediate-level of training the opportunity to establish, develop and refine classical ballet technique. Emphasis is on correct placement, line and execution. An analytical approach to the relation between muscle control and technique is used to intensify the effectiveness of training. In addition, through out-of-class research students will obtain general background about ballet which, combined with intensive class work, is intended to create dancers technically proficient and artistically enriched. The class is a continuation of topics addressed in DANC 242 (formerly DANP 242) but is not dependent on being taken in sequence. May be repeated for a maximum of six credits. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered spring semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 245)

  
  • DANC 247 - Theory and Practice of Jazz Dance, Spring

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of jazz dance. It will also provide a historical overview of jazz dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of jazz dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required, including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances. The class is a continuation of topics addressed in DANC 237 (formerly DANP 237) but is not dependent on being taken in sequence. May be repeated once for credit. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered spring semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 247)

  
  • DANC 248 - Theory and Practice of Modern Dance, Fall

    (2 credits)
    Prerequisite: Dance experience. Students may self-select.
    This course will offer intermediate-level work in the technique and performance of modern dance. It will also provide a historical overview of modern dance and some of its most influential artists, so that students gain an understanding of the origins of modern dance, its various styles and influences and how it differs from other dance forms. In addition to the art and technique of dance being practiced and performed in class, various other assignments will be required, including reading and writing assignments and critiques of video and live performances. May be repeated once for credit. One hour of lecture and two hours of laboratory weekly. Offered fall semester. (Formerly DANP/PHED 248)

 

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